12 Principles of Animation
Squash and Stretch
Squash and stretch describes how an object deforms under force while maintaining its overall volume. Squashing occurs when an object compresses from impact or pressure, while stretching occurs during fast movement or acceleration. This deformation communicates material properties such as softness, rigidity, or elasticity.
Used correctly, squash and stretch gives motion a sense of weight and physical credibility. Without it, movement appears stiff and mechanical. The principle applies not only to cartoon objects but also to facial animation, body motion, and subtle deformations in realistic characters.
Anticipation
Anticipation is the preparatory movement that precedes a main action. It signals intent by setting up the direction, force, and scale of the upcoming motion, such as a crouch before a jump or a backward arm swing before a throw.
This principle ensures actions are readable and believable rather than abrupt or confusing. Anticipation guides the viewer’s attention and allows time to process what is about to happen, making the action feel intentional instead of sudden.
Staging
Staging is the clear presentation of an idea, action, or emotion through composition, posing, camera placement, and timing. The goal is to make the viewer immediately understand what is important in a shot without visual ambiguity.
Effective staging eliminates competing actions and visual noise. By controlling contrast, silhouette, and spatial relationships, staging ensures that the narrative or emotional beat is communicated clearly and efficiently.
